TiO2-based multifunctional catalytic systems for green and sustainable organic transformations: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has emerged as a cornerstone of semiconductor nanomaterials known for its excellent chemical stability, low toxicity, and highly tuneable physicochemical properties. TiO₂-based nanocatalysts have been employed to drive a wide range of organic transformations under green and sustainable conditions. By leveraging large surface area, strong oxidative potential, tunable band gap, and efficient charge separation, these materials serve as effective catalysts for the selective oxidation, reduction, and coupling reactions, often delivering high conversions with good reusability/turnover frequency. Therefore, owing to its tunable properties and versatile applicability, TiO₂-based nanocrystalline materials have a significant potential to promote various useful organic transformations with high yields and good reusability. In this review, we discuss how the tunability of TiO₂ allows for superior selectivity and reusability, ultimately positioning it as an indispensable tool in the transition toward circular and sustainable chemical manufacturing.