Recent advances in the chemistry of α-hydoxyphosphonates: synthesis, reactivity, biological applications and theoretical study: a review from 2010 to 2025

Abstract

α-Hydroxyphosphonates are a critically important class of organophosphorus compounds with broad applications across diverse fields. This review paper surveys recent advancements from 2010 to 2025, focusing on their synthesis, reactivity, and biological activities. Key studies published prior to 2010 are also cited to provide essential background and to acknowledge foundational contributions to the field. Emphasis is placed on key synthetic methodologies such as the Pudovik and Abramov reactions, developments in asymmetric synthesis using chiral catalysts, and the utility of the α-hydroxyl group as a reactive functional handle. Special attention is given to environmentally friendly strategies including catalytic processes, ultrasonication and microwave-assisted synthesis. Several examples of the diverse biological properties of α-hydroxyphosphonates are also discussed. In addition, theoretical studies using DFT and molecular modeling are highlighted for their role in elucidating structure–activity relationships and supporting drug discovery. This review aims to be a valuable reference for researchers working in the field of organophosphorus chemistry.