Recent advances in nanoparticle-modified zeolites: functionalization strategies and diverse applications

Abstract

Nanoparticle-modified zeolites (NPZs) are multipurpose materials that combine the special functions of nanoparticles with the structural benefits of zeolites. They present a variety of applications in energy, environmental remediation, adsorption, and catalysis. Surface area, porosity, ion-exchange capacity, stability, and other physicochemical properties are enhanced by structural alterations and nanoparticle incorporation, as highlighted in this review of recent developments in the design, synthesis, and use of NPZs. Because pore size, Si/Al ratio, framework type, and natural or synthetic origin all have a significant impact on performance, special attention is paid to how zeolites are classified. Rather than offering an exhaustive survey, the review highlights representative and application-relevant examples that demonstrate how rational nanoparticle incorporation significantly enhances adsorption capacity, catalytic activity, and selectivity. Key application domains-including CO₂ capture, pollutant removal, catalytic conversions, hydrogen production, and selected biomedical uses-are discussed to illustrate the multifunctionality of NPZs while maintaining a clear thematic focus on performance enhancement mechanisms. Current challenges, such as nanoparticle leaching, diffusion limitations, high synthesis cost, and scalability constraints, are critically assessed. Emerging strategies to address these issues, including hierarchical zeolite structuring, green and template-free synthesis approaches, and hybrid nanocomposite engineering, are also examined. In addition, a concise techno–economic perspective is presented to evaluate the feasibility of large-scale implementation and industrial translation. By integrating fundamental structural insights with application-driven considerations, this review clarifies key design principles and outlines future research directions for the sustainable development and commercialization of nanoparticle-modified zeolites.