Advancing total synthesis through the Stille cross-coupling: recent innovations and case studies

Abstract

The Stille reaction, a pivotal palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, continues to drive advancements in the total synthesis of highly complex natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. Originating from John K. Stille's foundational work, this method has evolved through innovations in catalysis, ligand design, and eco-friendly protocols to address challenges like tin toxicity. This review highlights its application in constructing complex molecules and emphasizes advancements in bond-forming strategies. The reaction's versatility in both intermolecular and intramolecular contexts, coupled with its functional group tolerance, underscores its enduring relevance in modern organic synthesis of naural products.