Phosphorescence emission from molecular complexes of bismuth

Abstract

Phosphorescent bismuth complexes are a class of materials that unite the unique photophysical properties of heavy (metal) elements with the advantages of low toxicity and affordability. Recent efforts in sustainable photochemistry, optoelectronics, and bioimaging have been focused on replacing the traditionally used rare and expensive platinum group elements with more sustainable alternatives such as bismuth. This review aims to clarify the photophysical processes relevant to Bi-based phosphors and to capture the recent progress in the development of luminescent molecular Bi complexes. We highlight general trends and provide insights into current challenges and Bi-specific issues.