Electrodeposited Manganese Dioxide for Pseudocapacitors and Batteries

Abstract

With the increasing demand for energy storage devices, manganese dioxide (MnO2) has received significant attention due to its environmental friendliness, low cost, high theoretical capacitance, and capacity. Electrodeposited Manganese Dioxide (EMD), synthesized via electrodeposition, stands out among MnO2 materials for its high purity, ease of processing, low production cost, and scalability. This review focuses on the recent advancements in EMD-based energy storage devices, highlighting their synthesis, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performance. We discuss the charge storage mechanisms of MnO2 materials, including surface redox reactions, ion intercalation/deintercalation, and dissolution/deposition reactions. Furthermore, we discuss how factors such as MnO2 crystal phase, the architecture of high-surface-area electrodes, and the selection of electrolyte and additives influence the electrochemical behavior of EMD. Finally, we identify key challenges and outline future directions for optimizing EMD, emphasizing the potential for innovative electrode design and material engineering to unlock the full capabilities of EMD in next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems.