MXene-based multi-component conductive hydrogel with synergistic crosslinking networks for high-performance wearable sensors

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels, combining flexibility and electrical conductivity, show great potential in flexible electronics, wearable sensors, and smart materials. However, their practical applications remain constrained by insufficient mechanical strength, unstable sensing performance, and low structural integration. To address these challenges, we develop a highly sensitive MXene@PDA/PF127-DA/Zn²⁺ conductive hydrogel, which achieves an effective balance between mechanical strength and sensing performance through the synergistic effect of multiple components. MXene nanosheets serve as the primary conductive framework, while the polydopamine coating effectively enhances its dispersibility and interfacial adhesion. In addition, the double-bond modified PF127-DA can self-assemble into micelles, providing a dynamic structure that offers better elastic properties for the conductive hydrogel. Finally, the introduction of Zn²⁺ as a dynamic coordination crosslinker further enhances mechanical toughness. This collaborative design makes it possible to construct a new type of conductive hydrogel system with high mechanical strength, excellent stability, and tunable sensing performance. When attached to human skin, the conductive hydrogel can quickly respond (response time up to 0.089 s) and accurately detect subtle electrical signals associated with joint motion and muscle contraction. Furthermore, real-time signal acquisition and wireless transmission are achieved through an integrated electrochemical workstation and Bluetooth module, enabling efficient motion monitoring. This study provides a promising strategy for designing multifunctional conductive hydrogels for next-generation wearable bioelectronic devices.