Multidimensional additive manufacturing micro/nanorobots: From elaborately design to smart cargo delivery

Abstract

Micro/nanorobots have attracted much attention because of their potential ability to perform complex tasks precisely under controlled actuation within the human body, such as targeted cargo delivery, lesion exploration, and minimally invasive surgery. Among the varies emerged fabrication technologies, multidimensional additive manufacturing (MAM) technology could enabled the design and fabrication of complex structures with multifunctional characteristics. Compared with traditional manufacturing methods, MAMs significantly reduce production complexity and time while enhancing design flexibility and customization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MAM technologies for constructing micro/nanorobots, along with their applications and associated challenges in the biomedical field. In addition, emerging MAM approaches including 4D, 5D, and 6D printing assisted by physical intelligence, machine learning, and artificial intelligence hold great potential for designing and fabricating more sophisticated and intelligent micro/nanorobots, thereby advancing their clinical translation in near future.