Similarity Modulation Mechanism in Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Abstract

The dynamic behavior of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) fundamentally shapes their structural design and practical applications. Here, we formulate a unified theoretical framework anchored by a newly defined Similarity Modulation Mechanism, which extends from the classical V–Q–x relation. This mechanism clarifies how motion input, device structure, and external circuitry interact in a coherent, scalable form. Using this unified perspective, we systematically examine key dynamic topics such as periodicity, limiting behaviors, input waveform effects, optimal resistance matching, and operating regimes. This approach reveals clear, sometimes counterintuitive insights that can guide future TENG design and energy management strategies.