Synthesis of activated carbons and nanoparticle-loaded activated carbons derived from bio-wastes for the removal of ibuprofen drug from water

Abstract

The widespread use of ibuprofen has led to its presence in various water sources. Along with the alarmingly increasing residual amount of ibuprofen in water, the long-term exposure of ibuprofen can have negative impacts on humans. Hence, the development of adsorbents to remove ibuprofen from water is necessary. Here, we discuss the synthesis of activated carbons and magnetic activated carbons derived from bio-wastes for the removal of ibuprofen. Typically, the surface area (S_BET) of zinc chloride-activated carbons derived from bamboo fibers and from Quercus variabilis cork was up to 2000 m² g⁻¹. The kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic models for ibuprofen adsorption were also examined. The pseudo-second-order model (R² values of 0.96–0.99) and the Langmuir model (R² values of 0.978–0.999) provided the best fit. The maximum ibuprofen adsorption capacity (Q_max) achieved was 38–491 mg g⁻¹. Moreover, the regeneration, recyclability, and adsorption mechanisms were elucidated. With high S_BET and Q_max values, activated carbons and magnetic activated carbons derived from bio-wastes can be used as recyclable and efficient adsorbents for the removal of ibuprofen.