Nano-NiFe2O4 as a versatile and recyclable catalyst: an efficient protocol for the synthesis of aryl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones under ball milling conditions

Abstract

In this research, the catalytic efficiency of nano-NiFe₂O₄ is examined in the production of aryl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones under ball-milling conditions. The reactions of thiosemicarbazides with a range of substrates, such as aryl and heteroaryl aldehydes, have been effectively shown to give the corresponding aryl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones under solvent-free conditions in a ball-milling method. This process is characterised by high EcoScale values and a relatively low E-factor. The methodology outlined in the present study follows the concepts of green chemistry, which include optimized ball milling conditions, shortened reaction times, increased product yields, recyclability of the catalyst, and high atom economy.