Operando Neutron Radiography Validates a Parameter-Free Transport–Kinetics Model for Thick Solid-State Battery Cathodes

Abstract

Tortuosity-Weighted Interfacial Flux for Lithium (TWIF-Li) predicts through-thickness Li gradients in thick composite all-solid-state cathodes without fitted parameters. Image-derived microstructures, GITT-derived concentration-dependent solid diffusion, and tortuosity-weighted interfacial kinetics reproduce operando neutron radiography across practical rates, delivering transferable design rules to suppress transport-limited reaction fronts.