Recent research progress on photothermal icephobic materials from fabrication to application

Abstract

The increasing frequency of extreme weather events driven by global climate change has intensified icing-related challenges across critical infrastructure, including transportation, energy systems, and aerospace applications. Conventional anti-/de-icing technologies are often limited by high energy consumption, operational inefficiency, and environmental concerns, underscoring the urgent need for more sustainable solutions. Herein, we define key terms: ‘icephobic’ materials passively inhibit ice formation or adhesion; ‘anti-icing’ refers to preventing ice accretion, while ‘de-icing’ involves removing accumulated ice; ‘superhydrophobic’ surfaces exhibit extreme water repellency (contact angle > 150°, sliding angle < 10°); and ‘slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS)’ are lubricant-infused surfaces that provide a smooth, ice-repellent interface. Photothermal materials have shown great potential in anti-icing applications, offering efficient, eco-friendly ice mitigation by harnessing solar energy for localized heat generation. This review provides a systematic summary of the role and application prospects of photothermal anti-icing materials in anti-icing applications, with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms, particularly interfacial wettability dynamics and thermal transport processes. We categorize and critically assess major classes of photothermal materials, including carbon-based, metallic, semiconductor, polymeric, and all-weather systems, discussing their fabrication strategies and associated performance trade-offs. Key barriers to commercialization are highlighted, including challenges related to mechanical durability and geometric adaptability, optical transparency and scalable production, as well as precise thermal management and long-term chemical stability. Beyond a systematic summary of recent progress, this review pioneers a unified perspective that integrates photothermal efficiency, surface/interfacial design, and environmental adaptability. We critically analyze the synergistic effects and inherent trade-offs among these dimensions. By establishing this framework, this review aims to guide the rational design of next-generation photothermal icephobic materials for targeted applications and bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and real-world implementation.