Recent Advancements in Two-Dimensional Materials for Microfluidic Biosensors: Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Microfluidic-based sensors have recently emerged as powerful platforms for rapid, sensitive and miniatured analytical systems particularly for point-of-care diagnostics and real-time monitoring.The coupling of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with microfluidic technologies has gained widespread interest due to their distinctive physicochemical properties such as high surface-tovolume ratio, tunable electronic structures, excellent charge transport characteristics, exceptional catalytic activity and abundant active sites for biomolecular interactions. 2D materials beyond graphene such as transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , WS 2 ), MXene, black phosphorus, metal oxides, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ), and layered double hydroxides have demonstrated notable potential for enhancing the sensitivity, selectivity, and response time of microfluidic sensors. This comprehensive and up-to-date review particularly highlights the scientific advancements in analytical chemistry applications based on beyond graphene 2D materials. Special emphasis is given on electrochemical and optical sensing platforms, their device integration, and biomolecule detection applications. Finally, future perspectives are highlighted to promote the rational design of highly sensitive, portable, and scalable microfluidic sensing platforms for biomedical and environmental monitoring.