Recent Developments in Supercapacitor Electrode Materials: Design, Performance, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Supercapacitors have gained massive attention as next-generation energy storage technology because of their high-power density, long cycle life, fast charge-discharge, and environmental sustainability. Their role in energy storage and harvesting is crucial, specifically in emerging mobile devices. This review presents comprehensive literature on the recent developments in supercapacitor research by covering the electrode materials design and novel materials advancements. The recent developments in electric double-layer capacitors, hybrid supercapacitors, and pseudocapacitors with focus on electrode materials are discussed. The major focus is based on two-dimensional (2D) materials that include carbon aerogels, carbon foams, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, CNTs, activated carbon, TMDs, h-BN, MXene, and carbon nitride, which exhibit excellent electrochemical properties for supercapacitor applications. Transition metal oxides such as RuO2, ZnO, NiO, Co₃O₄, MnO₂, Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄ and V2O5 are also enticing electrode materials for supercapacitors with excellent redox behavior and high-energy density. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are discussed, and potential strategies for electrode performance enhancement are provided.