Translational paradigm of advanced nanoscale strategies for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): mechanistic insights, metastatic pathways, and emerging theragnosis

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) stands out as one of the most aggressive and therapeutically challenging subtypes of breast cancer, mainly due to the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of TNBC, focusing on critical mutations in BRCA1/2 and TP53, which are pivotal in driving tumor progression and contributing to treatment resistance. This manuscript highlights the transformative potential of recent advancements in nanoscale strategies for diagnosis and therapy in the management of TNBC. Notably, multifunctional nanoparticles have shown promise in overcoming the limitations of conventional chemotherapy by facilitating targeted drug delivery, enabling image-guided therapy, allowing for controlled drug release, and minimizing systemic toxicity. The use of nanotechnology in precision oncology presents innovative strategies for the early detection of TNBC, effective treatment measures, and the personalization of therapeutic regimens. This review bridges the gap between molecular understanding and technological advancement, offering a comprehensive roadmap for the future clinical application of theragnostic approaches in the battle against TNBC. By fostering the understanding of pathophysiology of TNBC and advancing treatment methodologies, we aim to contribute to the state of the art knowledge towards improving therapeutic efficacy and better patient outcomes.