2D nanomaterials: pioneering platforms for cancer theranostics

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, owing to their distinctive physicochemical properties, are increasingly prominent in biomedicine. These materials have been widely utilized in photothermal therapy, imaging, drug delivery, and many combined therapies. Owing to their unique characteristics, 2D nanoparticles deliver therapeutic effects through diverse mechanisms, demonstrating significant potential for clinical applications. This review highlights the development and biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials. It begins by introducing the structures, biological functionalization, and properties of representative 2D nanomaterials with varying configurations, along with their associated biomedical uses. Next, it explores the capabilities of 2D nanomedicines in therapeutics, imaging, and drug delivery. Finally, challenges and prospects for the clinical translation of 2D nanomedicines are discussed.