Zr-based metal–organic frameworks for colorimetric sensing applications

Abstract

Zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess high porosity, chemical stability, and chemical/structural tunability, making them versatile platforms for colorimetric sensing. This focused review highlights Zr-based MOF applications for the detection of acids and bases, aqueous ions, biomolecules, and volatile and gaseous analytes, discussing the mechanisms of colorimetric response, including host–guest interactions, post-synthetic functional modification, and analyte-induced structural changes. Insights gained from these studies provide guidance for the rational design and fabrication of next-generation MOF colorimetric sensors with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and stability.