Lignin-based biopharmaceuticals from nature to medicine: current trends, future prospects and emerging challenges

Abstract

Lignin, a renewable and widespread aromatic biopolymer constituting 15-40% of the dry weight of lignocellulosic biomass, is a principal component of plant cell walls. Its inherent properties, including biocompatibility, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, UV absorbance, and mechanical strength, make it a highly promising sustainable material. This review comprehensively describes the potential of lignin for biopharmaceutical products by corroborating its fundamental properties, sources, and biomedical applications. A major focus is on the critical translational challenges, including detailed discussions of physicochemical properties, toxicological implications, safety assessment, and regulatory hurdles. Ligninbased biopharmaceuticals hold great promise for sustainable healthcare, but their safe and successful commercialization requires more comprehensive research and the establishment of clear regulatory frameworks to ensure the safe commercialization and sustainable development of lignin-based healthcare solutions urgently.