From nanoparticle synthesis to assembly: DNA as a key structural material

Abstract

Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties in optics, electricity, and other fields that differ from those of macroscale materials. Further assembling these functional nanoparticles may generate attractive physicochemical characteristics due to their collective properties. Different assembly structures result in diverse properties. Therefore, precise control over nanoparticle positioning remains a research hotspot, with numerous notable breakthroughs reported in the methodologies investigated. Recently, DNA emerged as a crucial structural material based on its exceptional programmability, addressability, and specific binding capabilities. Leveraging these excellent properties, DNA-functionalized nanoparticles can be accurately positioned at the nanoscale in accordance with predetermined spatial patterns. This capability facilitates the development of novel functionalities and significantly advances the programmable assembly of nanoparticles to a higher degree of sophistication. In this review, we present a systematic survey of the synthesis, functionalization, and assembly methodologies of nanoparticles, alongside an assessment of their current developmental status. Specifically, we systematically introduce several widely employed or potentially advantageous techniques for nanoparticle synthesis and summarize various categories of surface ligands that preserve the nanoparticle physicochemical properties. Based on the most representative DNA ligands, we present a discussion on the methodology and potential applications of DNA-mediated programmed assembly. Furthermore, we have outlined prospective directions and viable strategies for their future advancement.