3D-printed self-sensing magnetically actuated microfluidic chip for closed-loop drug delivery

Abstract

Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology has shown great potential in various fields such as bioscience, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. However, its widespread adoption has been hindered by challenges in functional integration, operational autonomy, and manufacturing scalability. To address these limitations, we present a 3D-printed self-sensing magnetically actuated microfluidic (SMAM) chip designed for autonomous bioanalysis. This innovative device utilizes stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D printing to rapidly prototype and integrate microchannel networks alongside with a magnetically driven functional module. The chip employs magnetic actuation for precise, wireless manipulation of fluids within the microchannels, eliminating the need for bulky external pumps. Additionally, the system features an integrated self-sensing mechanism, enabling flow monitoring and on-chip analyte detection. The SMAM chip demonstrates exceptional dual-function performance, achieving a high pumping flow rate of up to 972 µL/min and a good piezoresistive sensitivity of 43.1 MPa⁻¹. We first demonstrate its system-level utility by assembling the chip into a modular, wirelessly monitored microfluidic platform with an integrated flow rectifier. Furthermore, its potential for therapeutic interventions is validated through a proof-of-concept of an untethered device for magnetically guided, on-demand drug release. This work provides a novel approach for developing intelligent analytical devices, promising to enable new paradigms in automated biological research and diagnostics.