Light driven polymer thin films as flying robotic chips in the sky

Abstract

Beyond conventional locomotion methods such as walking and swimming, flying remains an unconquered frontier for responsive materials. Current aerial vehicles, which rely on electric motors or actuators, face challenges in terms of power density and miniaturization. Nature, however, offers inspiration: wind-assisted passive flight mechanisms seen in seeds provide highly energy-efficient models for microroboticists. This review highlights interdisciplinary efforts aimed at harnessing responsive thin films to create aerial systems with mid-air controllability and robotic capabilities. We explore biological designs for wind-dispersed flyers, the underlying flight mechanisms, and materials for shape-morphing and robotic flight control. Additionally, we examine the potential for onboard sensing and discuss the risks and challenges facing this emerging research field.