Electrocatalytic activation of C−H, C−O, and C−C bonds in biomass valorization: mechanisms and catalysts

Abstract

Electrocatalytic activation of specific C−H, C−O, and C−C bonds in biomass is crucial for producing sustainable high-value chemicals and fuels under mild conditions. Key challenges include selective differentiation of chemically similar bonds and suppression of parasitic reactions. This review comprehensively analyzes mechanism and catalyst designs for selective bond activation in key biomass platforms (e.g., glucose, glycerol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, lignin derivatives). We attempt to present a summary of existing selective C−H, C−O, and C−C bond activation strategies. Each strategy is illustrated in terms of bond activation mechanism, representative catalyst systems, and condition optimization. Finally, pending challenges and potential opportunities related to selective bond activation strategies are discussed to propose future research directions. We hope that this review will help inspire further progress in designing new selective approaches for biomass valorization.