High-performance multi-component synergistic hydrogel electrolyte with enhanced ion transport for flexible zinc–air batteries and wearable sensors

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels, with their excellent mechanical adaptability, biocompatibility, and tunable electrochemical properties, are promising gel electrolytes for next-generation wearable sensors, energy storage devices, and flexible power sources. Herein, we fabricate a QCS/PAA/PVA semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) hydrogel electrolyte via an innovative green synthesis strategy, featuring three core merits: biomass-derived QCS replacing petroleum-based components, low-temperature (60 °C) one-step blending that reduces energy consumption, and a water/isopropanol solvent system with 95% recyclable ethanol, minimizing hazardous waste. Beyond its eco-friendly traits, the hydrogel exhibits ultra-high ionic conductivity (324.76 mS cm⁻¹) and robust water/electrolyte retention (65 wt% after 85 h). When applied in flexible zinc–air batteries, it enables the devices to deliver a high power density of 164 mW cm⁻² and stable cycling performance for 78 hours. As a high-performance strain sensor, this hydrogel boasts a wide detection range (0–630%) and a high gauge factor (up to 7.416). Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that QCS enhances inter-component interactions, synergizing green design and functional performance. This work paves a viable path for sustainable electrolytes for flexible electronics.