Urinary track health benefits and phytochemical characterization based on a narrative review on cranberry and its innovative formulation in phospholipids

Abstract

Cranberry is rich in nutritional components and numerous bioactive compounds with properties useful in a variety of physiological and clinical conditions. Both the American (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and European (Vaccinium oxycoccus) species are rich in (poly)phenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids (anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols such as phenolic acids). Cranberry is one of the few fruits with a high content of type A proanthocyanidins, associated with numerous health benefits, such as reducing recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). This review analyses information on the chemical composition of cranberry, the beneficial impact on human health, and disease prevention after cranberry consumption. Specifically, the mechanism of action of its benefits against urinary tract infections (UTIs), the second most common type of infection worldwide, is explored. Finally, the review focuses on the characteristics of new formulation technologies to increase bioavailability, such as new phospholipid-based delivery systems capable of dispersing cranberry extract in sunflower lecithin, thus improving its stability, solubility, absorption, and biological efficacy at lower doses. In conclusion, the available literature suggests that cranberry products are widely supported for reducing recurrent urinary tract infections, especially in women and children. Their mechanisms include anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm, and antimicrobial effects. They are generally safe and well-tolerated, although some restrictions apply (drug interactions, pre-existing conditions). Innovative delivery systems (such as phospholipids, microcapsules, gel formulations) optimize application, allowing for lower effective doses and lasting benefits, primarily improving safety. Further large-scale, high-quality studies are needed, especially for uses in non-urological areas, to confirm broader health impacts.