Volatile Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and other Semi-Volatile Organic Chemicals in Indoor Air of Fire Stations: The Influence of Gear Storage Conditions

Abstract

Previous studies have examined firefighters’ exposure to chemicals associated with fire calls and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); however, little attention has been given to exposures in the fire station itself. This study measured volatile PFAS and other semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in indoor air of fire stations in North Carolina, USA. Eleven fire stations and one turnout gear cleaning and supply station across three different counties in North Carolina were sampled between May and September of 2024. In each station, air was sampled both in the day room (area where firefighters congregate during the day) and in the area where the turnout gear was stored. Samples were extracted and analyzed for 14 different PFAS and 120 different SVOCs using GC-HRMS. The most frequently detected chemicals were PFASs, combustion byproducts, and phthalates. 8:2 FTOH was measured at the highest level at 1067 ng/m3. Total SVOC levels, and particularly PFAS, were significantly higher in closed rooms with turnout gear relative to storage areas open to the apparatus bay or the day room. Exposure estimates indicate that some turnout gear storage areas may pose a health risk for PFOA based on inhalation exposure to 8:2 FTOH and conversion to PFOA in the blood. These data highlight a need to consider station design and ventilation needs to mitigate risks.