Exploring a Scalable Route for Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells via Amphiphilic Cross-linkable Monomer

Abstract

Flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) hold great promise for complementing traditional silicon solar cells in portable power applications, but their commercialization depends on the ability to scale-up solution-based deposition. So far, inhomogeneous perovskite deposition on self-assembled molecules (SAMs) poses a substantial challenge in fabricating uniform, pinhole-free films over large areas. Here, we developed an amphiphilic cross-linkable monomer (TBA) that simultaneously promotes perovskite growth on flexible substrates and ensures homogeneous deposition during scaling-up. The incorporation of TBA increase the wettability and adhesion of the perovskite ink to the underlying hydrophobic SAMs layer, enabling high-quality, uniform perovskite films on both rigid and flexible substrates, demonstrating its potential for scalable fabrication. As a result, the modified PSCs achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 27.12% (certified 26.41%, rigid) and 24.95% (flexible), with excellent mechanical and operational stability. The TBA-modified f-PSCs retained over 90% of their initial PCE after 10,000 bending cycles and 1,000 hours of continuous operation. Additionally, large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs) demonstrated notable PCEs of 23.10% (rigid) and 20.38% (flexible), showcasing the scalability of this approach. This strategy paves a new way for the industrial-scale development of high-performance f-PSCs.