Ultrafast ion-exchange synthesis of 3D lithiophilic scaffolds for high-capacity anode-less all-solid-state batteries

Abstract

Anode-less all-solid-state batteries (ALASSBs) represent a cutting-edge energy storage technology that offers a combination of enhanced safety, superior energy density, and streamlined processability. However, their practical application, particularly in high-capacity systems, is curbed by internal short circuits resulting from the uncontrolled growth of metallic lithium (Li) dendrites. In this study, this problem is addressed by introducing a three-dimensional (3D) lithiophilic scaffold with exceptional Li storage capabilities. The scaffold is constructed by exposing a solution of Ag+ to Ni metal, which reacts via an ultrafast ion-exchange process that requires only 30 seconds. The resulting highly porous Ag-Ni scaffold (p-Ag-Ni) comprises Ag nanofibers with an extensive surface area. The scaffold supports stable Li plating in excess of 35 mAh cm−2 without short-circuiting and retains 81% of the original capacity after 100 cycles at room temperature (25 °C) with an areal capacity of 2.9 mAh cm−2. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent performance in a pouch-cell under low stack pressure (3 MPa). These results highlight the potential of rapid ion exchange as a facile and efficient strategy for developing protective layers in high-capacity ALASSBs.