Three-dimensional lithium metal anodes in solid-state batteries

Abstract

All-solid-state lithium-metal batteries (ASSLBs) are promising next-generation high-energy-density energy conversion and storage devices which leverage the high theoretical capacity of lithium metal anodes (LMAs) and nonflammable solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). However, uncontrolled dendrite propagation, substantial volume fluctuations, and interfacial void formation have severely compromised the interfacial contact integrity and impeded the practical applications of LMAs in solid-state batteries. The strategic incorporation of three-dimensional (3D) host matrices has emerged as a multifaceted solution to these interconnected challenges. This review systematically outlines contemporary advances in 3D LMA development, encompassing design principles, fabrication methodologies, and matrix material selection, providing critical perspectives on future research directions for ASSLBs applications.