Measurement, interpretation, and application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

With the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries, thermal safety and state monitoring have emerged as critical issues that hinder the advancement of high-energy-density battery systems. Faced with the above challenges, multidimensional sensing technologies such as gas, pressure, temperature, imaging, and sound have been explored for critical alerts. But the effect is not satisfactory. For instance, traditional temperature sensing technologies, constrained by localized measurement hysteresis and insufficient spatial resolution, struggle to rapidly and in real-time capture the dynamic evolution of internal thermal anomalies in batteries. In contrast, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) serves as a non-invasive diagnostic technique that elucidates internal electrochemical–thermal coupling mechanisms through frequency response analysis. This approach paves the way for innovative paradigms in thermal state monitoring and health management of lithium battery systems. The present paper systematically reviews the latest advancements in EIS technologies pertaining to battery safety, focused on analyzing innovations in impedance measurement chips and devices, impedance data processing algorithms, and impedance-based intelligent applications. Our primary objective is to promote the implementation and widespread adoption of high-reliability, low-cost battery management systems utilizing alternating current (AC) impedance.