Mn3O4 and its hybrids as anode active materials for lithium-ion batteries: a review

Abstract

Developing new anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is of great interest to meet the rising global energy demand and requirements for electric vehicles (EVs). Manganese oxides (Mn_XO_Y) have high abundance, high theoretical specific capacities and are low in cost. This critical review provides a comprehensive literature review of Mn_XO_Y anodes, with particular emphasis on Mn₃O₄ and Mn₃O₄ hybrid materials. The evolution of the LIB is introduced, followed by problems with graphite anodes. Mn_XO_Y materials are discussed and the electrochemical testing, morphology and electrochemical performance of Mn₃O₄ and Mn₃O₄ hybrid anodes are compared in detail. Special attention has been paid to Mn_XO_Y/rGO anodes, examining synthesis methods, electrochemical properties, conversion mechanisms and ion diffusion rates. The future outlook and challenges in this field are also evaluated.