Direct Utilization of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Electrochemical Reduction of CO2: From Structural Design to Performance Optimization

Abstract

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2ER) presents a promising strategy to convert greenhouse gas into valuable chemical products under mild conditions using renewable electricity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with their large surface areas, tunable porosities, atomically precise structures, and well-defined active sites, emerge as attractive electrocatalysts for CO2ER. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements in applying non-pyrolyzed MOFs as electrocatalysts for CO2ER, explicitly excluding carbon-based derivatives. We systematically elucidate structural designs, preparation methods, and reaction mechanisms of MOFs based on different metals (e.g., Zn, Zr, Ag, Cu, Ni, Bi, In). Key enhancements through morphological engineering, ligand functionalization, bimetallic node construction, post-synthetic modification and tandem strategies are highlighted. Finally, we address the prevailing challenges, particularly concerning electrical conductivity and long-term stability. This review aims to guide future design of MOF-based electrocatalysts toward carbon-neutral fuel and chemical production.