Development to Application in Single Atom Catalysis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

With their unique reaction processes, customizable electronic architectures, and maximum atom efficiency, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are a revolutionary development in catalytic materials. These characteristics put them in a crucial position to bridge the gap between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Recent developments in the production, characterization, and use of SACs in a range of catalytic processes, including thermal, electrochemical, and photocatalytic, are thoroughly examined in this review. We investigate advanced synthetic techniques that enable the accurate control of metal atom dispersion and local coordination environments, such as atomic layer deposition, wet-chemical approaches, and high-temperature pyrolysis. Despite these notable developments, there are still many challenges. Clarifying dynamic structural changes during catalysis, guaranteeing stability and durability under operating settings, and scaling up production processes are some of the main issues. The development of multifunctional SACs and the broad use of operando characterization methods to identify basic chemical pathways are promising directions for future research. This review attempts to provide valuable insights that can spur future innovation in the dynamic and rapidly changing field of single-atom catalysis by critically evaluating current challenges and new opportunities.