New thermally stable and friction-insensitive nitrogen-rich salts: a synergy of 1,2,4-triazole, furoxan and hydroxytetrazole motifs

Abstract

Energetic materials are essential substances for the development of advanced aerospace technologies and welding applications. In this study, we synthesized new high-nitrogen energetic salts based on linearly linked 1,2,4-triazole, furoxan and N-hydroxytetrazole scaffolds. All the prepared substances were thoroughly characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The synthesized energetic compounds exhibited a wide range of thermal stability, ranging from moderately stable guanidinium-based salts (T_d: 153–173 °C) to highly stable sodium and [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazolium salts, respectively (T_d: 227–236 °C). All synthesized energetic materials had high enthalpies of formation (362–1074 kJ mol⁻¹) resulting in good detonation performance (D: 6.9–8.3 km s⁻¹; P: 19–32 GPa) simultaneously retaining friction insensitivity. Overall, the proposed method for the assembly of triheterocyclic substances offers a promising avenue for the development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials.