Mitigating ionic conductivity limitations in operando electrochemical X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract

Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for probing the surface composition and chemical state of electrocatalysts under working conditions. In this study, we report a strategy to mitigate a common issue in operando spectroscopic studies of membrane-based electrodes, namely, maintaining an ionically well-connected catalyst layer that enables reliable correlation between electrochemical results and spectroscopic observations.