Dual Confinement Stabilizes highly dispersed Ru clusters for Efficient and Durable Ammonia Decomposition

Abstract

Ammonia is a promising hydrogen carrier, yet the development of highly efficient catalysts for its decomposition remains a persistent challenge. Here, highly dispersed Ru clusters on ultrasmall CeO₂/SiO₂ dual-confined support show metal-support interactions (MSI) that facilitate oxygen vacancies (Ov) generation and stabilize Ru clusters. This catalyst achieves a superior hydrogen production rate of 1,735 gRu⁻¹ min⁻¹ at 450°C with high stability, offering a rational design strategy for high-performance catalysts.