Ultralow-Loaded Molybdate on Defect-Engineered g-C3N4 for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia

Abstract

An ultralow-loaded molybdate catalyst anchored on nitrogen-vacancy-rich exfoliated g-C3N4 achieves highly dispersed Mo nanoclusters with strong metal-support interactions. Defect engineering delivers enhanced nitrate-to-ammonia activity, selectivity, and stability, suppressing hydrogen evolution. In situ studies reveal a stepwise NO3– reduction at isolated Mo sites for efficient electrochemical ammonia synthesis.