Heat Treatment Mechanism in Regulating the Self-Discharge Behavior of Li/CF x Primary Batteries

Abstract

Fluorinated hard carbon (FHC) is a promising cathode for primary Li/CFx batteries, but its’ annual self-discharge rate (>2%) exceeds that of commercial fluorinated graphite batteries (≤1%). To address the challenge, we anneal FHC at 250–350 °C. The pouch cell modified at 300 °C exhibit the lowest self-discharge rate and capacity retention improvement of 5.9%, demonstrating application potential.