Nitrogen Doping-Enabled Low-Temperature Capacitance Retention in Carbon Materials

Abstract

Reliable energy storage at subzero temperatures is crucial for polar and space applications. Nitrogen-doped multiscale porous carbon aerogels deliver 96% capacitance retention at –40 °C and 1.43 Wh L⁻¹ energy density. Enhanced nitrogen content and enlarged ion-accessible surface synergistically enable exceptional low-temperature supercapacitor performance.