Cadherin-11 integrates Piezo1 and interleukin-6 signaling to promote fibroblast activation

Abstract

Persistent fibroblast activation drives tissue fibrosis, yet how mechanical and inflammatory cues are integrated to promote this aberrant behavior remains unclear. Using a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel platform to model normal and fibrotic lung mechanics, we examine the roles of Piezo1 and cadherin-11 (CDH11), both implicated in M2 macrophage–fibroblast crosstalk during pulmonary fibrosis progression, in interleukin (IL)-6-mediated fibroblast activation. While both Piezo1 and CDH11 expression increase in activated fibroblasts, blocking IL-6 signaling decreases CDH11, but not Piezo1, expression. Instead, Piezo1 activity promotes nuclear accumulation of the calcium-dependent transcription factor NFAT1. While Piezo1 inhibition moderately reduces CDH11 expression, it does not prevent fibroblast activation as measured by spreading and type I collagen expression, whereas CDH11 knockout suppresses fibroblast activation metrics, reduces Piezo1 expression, and decreases IL-6 secretion in both fibroblast only and fibroblast-M2 macrophage co-cultures. Furthermore, CDH11 levels increase in parallel with progressive fibroblast activation, highlighting its role in promoting this pro-fibrotic phenotype. Together, these findings underscore a previously unrecognized signaling axis in which CDH11 serves as a key mediator of sustained fibroblast activation, coordinating mechanical and inflammatory cues, and highlight CDH11 as a potential therapeutic target in pulmonary fibrosis.