Advancing HTPEM Fuel Cell Technology: Durability and Performance Under Start-Stop Conditions

Abstract

High-temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cells represent a promising avenue for efficient and low-emission energy conversion, especially in automotive and distributed power applications. However, one of the critical challenges limiting their widespread deployment is performance degradation under dynamic operating conditions, particularly during frequent start-stop cycles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in understanding and improving the durability and performance of HT-PEM fuel cells under these conditions. Key degradation mechanisms—such as catalyst layer degradation, membrane instability, and interfacial delamination—are examined alongside mitigation strategies, including novel material development, system design optimization, and operational control techniques. Additionally, the review highlights recent experimental and modeling studies that shed light on transient behavior and long-term reliability. By identifying current gaps and emerging solutions, this work aims to guide future research efforts and support the development of robust, high-performance HT-PEM systems suitable for real-world applications.