Upcycling of Electric Arc Furnace Dust into ZnO-Fe₃O₄ Nanocomposites for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

Abstract

The growing global demand for sustainable energy has driven extensive research into efficient energy storage systems. In this study, a novel approach is proposed for the upcycling of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), a hazardous industrial waste into high-performance ZnO–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites for use as supercapacitor electrodes. The EAFD, rich in zinc and iron oxides, was processed through sulfuric acid leaching, co-precipitation, and thermal treatment, yielding nanostructured ZnO–Fe₃O₄. Under optimized conditions leaching efficiencies reached 98.3% for Zn and 90.1% for Fe. Subsequent co-precipitation at pH 8 successfully recovered both metals into a precursor with an efficiency greater than 99%. Following the thermal treatment, synthesized nanocomposites were employed as electrode materials in asymmetric coin-cell supercapacitors. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated a specific capacitance of 35.2 mF cm⁻², an energy density of 25.03 μWh cm⁻², and a power density of 430.81 μW cm⁻² at a current density of 0.25 mA cm⁻². Moreover, the device exhibited excellent cycling stability, retaining 81% of its initial capacitance after 7000 charge-discharge cycles. These findings demonstrate a scalable, eco-friendly approach for converting industrial waste into high-performance energy storage materials, aligning with circular economy principles and supporting environmental remediation.