A review on copper-based chalcogenide materials for supercapacitor application: Exploring through experimental evidence and machine learning

Abstract

To unlock the full potential of supercapacitor, it is essential to explore novel material with tuneable electrochemical properties. Transition metal chalcogenides in particular copper chalcogenides shown its immense potential to achieve a next generation electrode material. This review aims to explore copper-based chalcogenides as promising candidate, highlighting their rich redox activity, high intrinsic conductivity, and structural tunability. We also discuss about how variations in morphology, doping effect, and the formation of composites significantly influence electrochemical performance. The hybridisation of other metallic elements into binary copper chalcogenides is addressed as well, extending the scope to ternary and quaternary copper chalcogenides, which offer enhanced conductivity, stability, and redox activity. Furthermore, we briefly address few engineering strategies that used to amplify the electrochemical performance of copper chalcogenides-based supercapacitors. It also evaluates the practical applicability in real world scenario based on current literature. In addition, this review briefly discusses the emerging use of machine learning approaches to predict the electrochemical performance of copper chalcogenide-based systems. Finally, the key challenges associated scalability, long-term cycling stability, and environmental impact are examined, alongside perspectives for future research directions aimed at overcoming these limitations.