Innovative Conversion Electrode Materials and Electrolyte Strategies in Aqueous Zinc-S/Se Batteries for Advanced Energy Storage

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered strong contenders for future energy storage technologies, owing to their intrinsic safety, low cost, environmental friendliness, and high theoretical capacity. Traditional cathode materials in AZIBs primarily rely on ion-insertion electrochemistry, which offers limited capacity and underutilize the full potential of AZIBs. Rechargeable aqueous zinc-sulfur batteries (AZSBs) and aqueous zinc-selenium batteries (AZSeBs) integrate the advantages of sulfur-based cathode (S, Se) and zinc anode, significantly improving energy density, attracting extensive research attention. However, the commercialization of AZSBs and AZSeBs encounters several challenges, including poor conductivity, volume changes and slow reaction kinetics. Although research on AZSBs and AZSeBs remains in its infancy, significant progress has been achieved through rational design and optimization strategies. Recent advancements in performance enhancement strategies for AZSBs and AZSeBs are summarized, covering cathode optimization, electrolyte modification, advanced characterization methods, and elucidation of reaction mechanisms. The persisting challenges and potential development pathways of AZSBs and AZSeBs are also discussed.