Improvement of the performance of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells by annealing Li-doped Cu2ZnSnS4 precursor films in air†
Abstract
It is well known that the improvement of crystal quality and photoelectric properties of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) is one of the key issues in enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE). To resolve this problem, we selected Li2CO3 as a lithium source to prepare Li-doped CZTSSe by air annealing Li-doped Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) precursor films in air, followed by selenization (denoted as CZTSSe-Li-A). It is interesting that the air annealing facilitates the incorporation of Li and O into CZTSSe as Li–O pairs. This pairing improves the crystal quality and absorption coefficient of CZTSSe-Li-A while reducing its hole concentration and resistivity compared to non-air-annealed Li-doped CZTSSe (CZTSSe-Li). By optimizing the Li doping concentration, annealing temperature and time, the highest PCE of the CZTSSe-Li-A solar cell (without the MgF2 anti-reflection layer) reaches 11.13%, which is larger than the highest PCE of the CZTSSe-Li solar cell (10.21%). Quantitative analysis indicates that the increased PCE of the CZTSSe-Li-A solar cell compared to the CZTSSe-Li solar cell is mainly attributed to the decrease in reverse saturation current density (J0) and series resistance (Rs) caused by the thermal effect of the air annealing, followed by an increase in photogeneration density (JL) and shunt resistance (Rsh). The decreased J0 stems from a reduction in interfacial defect density, the increased JL results from an increase in light absorption (α) and the depletion region width, and the decreased Rs and increased Rsh are ascribed to improved crystal quality. This work offers a route for the improvement of PCE of CZTSSe solar cells.