Poly(styrene-co-maleamic acid)-based monoamide covalent adaptable networks

Abstract

This study presents poly(styrene-co-maleamic acid)-based monoamide (PS-MMA) covalent adaptable networks (CANs) as a novel class of high performance dynamic covalent polymer networks. PS-MMA CANs are readily synthesized by crosslinking poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) copolymers with secondary diamines, introducing a previously unexplored dynamic monoamide exchange chemistry. By tailoring the amine-to-anhydride ratios, crosslink density and viscoelastic properties were finely adjusted, yielding networks with high thermal stability and reprocessability. The dissociation of monoamides into amines and anhydrides, as observed in high-temperature FT-IR analysis, was validated through Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. These calculations revealed an enthalpically favored tendency for amines and anhydrides to re-associate into monoamides, confirming their suitability for thermally triggered dynamics and effective viscosity control at increasing temperatures. Rheological analysis of the PS-MMA CANs showed distinct diamine structure-dependent profiles, where the interplay between the chain entanglements, supramolecular interactions and dynamic dissociative monoamide debonding governed their stress relaxation regimes and macroscopic flow behavior. Notably, such materials exhibited a unique combination of fast dissociative relaxation modes and slower reptation-driven dynamics, enabling precise control over material properties. These networks demonstrated an exceptional thermal resilience, maintaining their integrity and flow properties at temperatures up to 280 °C, surpassing the chemically analogous (and more widely studied) monoester-based CANs. Lastly, chemical recycling experiments further validated the sustainability of PS-MMAs, enabling efficient recovery of PSMA precursors while preserving their functionality.