Exploring spinel oxides from bimetallic to high-entropy with a focus on the structure and performance in the oxygen evolution reaction

Abstract

Spinel oxides have emerged as highly promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their unique structural characteristics, exceptional stability, and remarkable electrochemical performance. Their well-ordered crystal structures promote efficient catalytic activity, while their durability ensures stability under demanding electrochemical conditions. These attributes make them ideal candidates for sustainable energy applications, such as water splitting and clean energy production. Additionally, the ability to modify their electronic and surface properties enables optimization, further enhancing their performance and offering a competitive alternative to noble metal-based electrocatalysts. This review begins with an overview of the basic mechanisms of the OER, such as the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) and the traditional adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM). It then outlines the OER pathways in spinel electrocatalysts, focusing on key performance descriptors that determine their catalytic effectiveness. Thus, additional efforts are necessary to develop spinel materials that offer multiple advantages to fulfill these requirements. With continued research and innovation, the commercialization of OER catalysts shows significant potential for advancing energy conversion technologies.