Unlocking renewable energy materials in Nigeria: availability, application, and roadmap for sustainability

Abstract

Nigeria's energy landscape remains highly dependent on fossil fuels, with approximately 60% of the population lacking consistent electricity access. Renewable energy (RE) offers a pathway to enhanced energy security, economic growth, and reduced carbon emissions. Although Nigeria has significant RE potential—ranging from solar (5.5 kW h per m² per day) to wind and biomass—these resources remain underutilized due to infrastructure, financial, and policy challenges. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, while promising, faces high costs due to import dependencies, as does battery storage technology reliant on lithium-ion cells. Additionally, materials for wind and biomass energy production are constrained by limited local manufacturing. Addressing these issues through material innovation and local sourcing is critical; ongoing research in Nigeria explores bio-based materials and sustainable practices, while government programs, though nascent, are beginning to promote local manufacturing. Local initiatives demonstrate potential for RE development, as evidenced by small-scale solar and biomass projects utilizing indigenous resources. However, financial constraints, supply chain challenges, and limited Research and Development (R&D) hinder progress. Moving forward, Nigeria must invest in policy reform and incentive programs to attract private investment in RE and reduce import costs for critical materials. Expanding R&D in material science, fostering partnerships between local researchers and international organizations, and providing targeted training in RE technology and material science are essential. With a unified focus on building a sustainable energy framework, Nigeria can harness its abundant resources for a more resilient and independent energy future.