Sustainable CO2 bio-mitigation: a life cycle perspective on chemolithotrophic conversion in bubble column bioreactors

Abstract

The urgent need for low-carbon energy alternatives has intensified interest in sustainable biofuel production pathways. This study presents a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a chemolithotrophic bacterial platform for simultaneous CO₂ mitigation and biodiesel production using Bacillus cereus SSLMC2 cultivated in 10 and 20 L bubble column bioreactors. Unlike phototrophic systems, this process leverages light-independent bacterial metabolism, offering year-round operation, high biomass yield, and compatibility with flue gas as a carbon source. Experimental data were integrated with LCA modeling using Umberto NXT Universal software and the ReCiPe 2016 and CML baseline methods to quantify environmental impacts across cultivation, biomass harvesting, lipid extraction, and transesterification stages. The results identify dewatering and homogenization as major environmental hotspots, contributing significantly to climate change, fossil depletion, and human toxicity categories. Endpoint analysis revealed human health and resource availability as the most impacted areas, primarily due to electricity use and chemical inputs. Cumulative energy demand assessments confirmed that scale-up from 10 to 20 L does not proportionally increase energy use, suggesting promising scalability. Recommendations include replacing centrifugation with membrane-based dewatering, solvent recovery systems, integration of renewable energy, and recycling of CO₂ and water. This is the first LCA study to evaluate chemolithotrophic CO₂ bio-mitigation coupled with biodiesel production at pilot scale using empirical data. The findings provide critical insights for optimizing microbial biorefineries and support the development of scalable, environmentally efficient carbon capture and utilization technologies.