Issue 4, 2025

Manganese anodes for neutral electrolyte primary metal–air batteries

Abstract

This study presents the first application of metallic manganese as an anode in metal–air batteries, to the best of our knowledge, achieving an energy density of 1859 W h kg−1 and a specific capacity of 1930 A h kg−1 through galvanostatic discharge tests. This system delivers 2.5 times more energy per gram than zinc, a commonly used metal in metal–air batteries, under identical testing conditions. Electrochemical analysis and discharge by-product studies revealed a discharge process through three oxidation states of manganese: Mn, Mn(II), and Mn(III). The combined attributes of manganese, including its abundance and environmental stability, position the Mn–air battery as a viable and sustainable option for energy storage from intermittent renewable sources.

Graphical abstract: Manganese anodes for neutral electrolyte primary metal–air batteries

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
11 Oct 2024
Accepted
25 Nov 2024
First published
05 Dec 2024

Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2025,9, 1020-1028

Manganese anodes for neutral electrolyte primary metal–air batteries

Q. L. Reyes-Morales, J. R. Rangel-Mendez and L. F. Chazaro-Ruiz, Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2025, 9, 1020 DOI: 10.1039/D4SE01413H

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